CCNY faculty are on the cutting edge of research in topics as diverse as global biodiversity, genetic links between diabetes and Alzheimer's disease, or how the immune system fights pathogens. Students mentored in their labs have traveled as far afield as the Galapagos Islands, tracing the footsteps of Charles Darwin, and as close to home as Harlem, studying health disparities in this changing neighborhood. The Biology and Biotechnology programs each offer B.S. and M.S degrees, as well as combined B.S./M.S. programs. The Biology Ph.D. is offered jointly by the City University of New York and City College, with areas of specialization in molecular/cellular/developmental biology, neurobiology, and ecology and evolutionary biology.